C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111ang ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 r\u1eebng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh g\u1ed7 trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng, ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u g\u1ed7 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n \u00e9p.
C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp g\u1ed7 (v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng) li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t d\u00e1n d\u00ednh (keo). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hay trang tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1eb3ng hay cong. V\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trang tr\u00ed. V\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 l\u00e1 kim (h\u1ecd t\u00f9ng b\u00e1ch) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ef1\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u.
Qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n \u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp bao g\u1ed3m 5 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh sau:
1. G\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c v\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1eaft theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft
2. G\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng
3. V\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i
4. V\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1ng keo v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t
5. V\u00e1n \u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft theo k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/p>\n
2.1 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ph\u00f4i g\u1ed7
V\u00e1n m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 g\u1ed7 l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 g\u1ed7 l\u00e1 kim. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ef1\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed7, c\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ly g\u1ed7.
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u00edt l\u1ed7i, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed7 kh\u00fac l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn sau. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed7 cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh g\u1ed7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau:
Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc
\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh g\u1ed7 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n c\u00f3 tu th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 18cm. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng tu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n
+ \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00f3t ng\u1ecdn c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t
+ \u0110\u1ed9 cong c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t
+ \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u00f2n c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1ng (kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, s\u1ef1 ch\u00e9o th\u1edb, m\u1eaft g\u1ed7)
+ Chi\u1ec1u th\u1edb g\u1ed7: G\u1ed7 c\u00e0ng th\u1eb3ng th\u1edb c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p
+ M\u1eaft g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng, t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e1n d\u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn dao b\u00f3c. N\u1ebfu m\u1eaft c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn, t\u1eadp trurng th\u00ec t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. M\u1eaft ch\u1ebft sau khi s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eaft r\u00f5. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1eaft ch\u1ebft hay m\u1eaft r\u00f5 th\u00ec sau n\u00e0y khi x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e1n d\u00e1n c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m theo
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb (m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u00f2ng n\u0103m, m\u00f9i g\u1ed7)
+ G\u1ed7 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1c l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t
+ G\u1ed7 s\u1edbm g\u1ed7 mu\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t
+ Tia g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt
+ M\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e9
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00e1n d\u00ednh keo v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n (kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, th\u1edb g\u1ed7, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u00ednh keo, nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u)
+ G\u1ed7 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m luwngj ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea7u nh\u1ef1a th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u00e1n d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n d\u00e1n
C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac (c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u1ecbu m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng g\u1ed7)
+ \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc: C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y, g\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1eeb 0,55 \u00f7 0,75 g\/cm3. V\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng v\u00e0 v\u00e1n d\u00e1n cao, t\u1ef7 su\u1ea5t n\u00e9n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e1n d\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf ( < 0,49 g\/cm3) th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o d\u1ecdc th\u1edb, k\u00e9o ngang th\u1edb c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (n\u00f3i trung v\u00e1n d\u00e1n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao)
+ C\u1ea7n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1 (kim lo\u1ea1i)
+ G\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng cho b\u00f3c l\u1ea1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m (n\u00ean d\u00f9ng g\u1ed7 c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1i, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau khi ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1)<\/p>\n
Trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1ng g\u1ed7, c\u00e1c kh\u00fac ph\u00f4i g\u1ed7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng trong b\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m g\u1ed7, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3c, l\u1ea1ng g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra. Qui tr\u00ecnh n\u1ea5u v\u00e0 gia nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch g\u1ed7, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f4i g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 50 \u2013 90oC, th\u1eddi gian gia nhi\u1ec7t 25 \u2013 36gi\u1edd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch cao c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia nhi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y.
Tuy nhi\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n b\u00f3c hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua kh\u00e2u l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m v\u00ec l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng b\u00f3c v\u00e1n khi g\u1ed7 con t\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 b\u00f3c v\u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3c v\u00e1n g\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1o v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00f3a m\u1ec1m g\u1ed7 trong qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i sau:
\u2013 Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m l\u1edbn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3c v\u00e1n.
\u2013 G\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p d\u1ec5 bi d\u00f2n, khi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c b\u00f3c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n
\u2013 C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong th\u00e2n g\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau b\u1edfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t m\u1ec1m h\u00f3a g\u1ed7, s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u00e1ch v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng khi b\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1ng v\u00e1n<\/p>\n
B\u00f3c v\u00e1n: C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u00f3c v\u00e1n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 b\u00f3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf.
C\u00e1c m\u00e1y b\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tu hay m\u00e1y b\u00f3c v\u00f4 t\u00e2m cho ph\u00e9p b\u00f3c g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e1n b\u00f3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tu (tr\u1ea5u k\u1eb9p). Tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y b\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng tu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1ef1\u01a1c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 m\u0169i dao b\u00f3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng cao do:
+ Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i g\u1ed7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00f4i g\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f3t ng\u1ecdn, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 u b\u01b0\u1edbu v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt g\u1ed7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t
+ Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ru l\u00f4 d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n
+ \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00f4i g\u1ed7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f4i g\u1ed7
L\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 L\u1ea1ng n\u1eeda v\u00f2ng v\u00e1n: Trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 g\u00f3c, g\u1ed1c, th\u1edb v\u1eb7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e2n g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc g\u1ed7 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trang tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n
V\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra sau khi b\u00f3c, l\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ng keo. V\u00ec v\u1eady v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 \u0111\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 12%. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1ng keo v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.
Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea5y v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng. Ki\u1ec3u s\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3ng s\u1ea5y d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ru l\u00f4 tr\u00ean b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111i d\u1ecdc theo bu\u1ed3ng s\u1ea5y. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed d\u1ecdc theo bu\u1ed3ng s\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m.
Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (tr\u00ean 100\u00b0C) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia nhi\u1ec7t h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111ang ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.
D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bu\u1ed3ng s\u1ea5y b\u0103ng t\u1ea3i:
Do nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb nh\u0103n sau khi s\u1ea5y v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n, c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u00e9p th\u00eam. Ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e1y s\u1ea5y \u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eeba \u00e9p, v\u1eeba s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n
Sau khi s\u1ea5y, v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft x\u00e9n theo k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n hay \u00e9p v\u00e1n.
Qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft x\u00e9n, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.
C\u00e1c l\u00e1 v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft theo t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p theo t\u01b0ng b\u00f3 24 \u2013 32 t\u1ea5m
2.6 Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i
Trong c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 sau:
\u2013 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t
\u2013 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7
\u2013 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch
\u2013 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e1n t\u1ea5m
\u2013 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eeda
\u2013 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e2n g\u1ed7
C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ri\u00eang b\u1edfi t\u1eebng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n
T\u1eebng t\u1eadp v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb qu\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5m, v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n
\u2013 V\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong nh\u00e0 kho c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i
\u2013 C\u00e1c v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau theo c\u1ea1nh v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n theo k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y kh\u00e2u c\u1ea1nh v\u00e1n v\u1edbi d\u00e2y keo theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zic z\u1eafc.<\/p>\n
Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gh\u00e9p h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e2n th\u1edb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 theo m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng hay hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trang tr\u00ed. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3u gh\u00e9p h\u00ecnh v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng:
Gh\u00e9p h\u00ecnh s\u00e1ch
Gh\u00e9p h\u00ecnh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean
Gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i v\u00e2n
Gh\u00e9p h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng<\/p>\n
3.1 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00e1n d\u00e1n
V\u00e1n d\u00e1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n: L\u00e0 v\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.
V\u00e1n d\u00e1n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea9m: N\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc.
V\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc cao. V\u00e1n \u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp d\u00f9ng cho s\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea9m cao v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi.
3.2 Tr\u00e1ng keo
3.2.1 C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i keo d\u00e1n v\u00e1n d\u00e1n
Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn keo d\u00e1n cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea9m, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1eeda, v.v\u2026C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i keo ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e1n d\u00e1n bao g\u1ed3m: (1) protein v\u00e0 (2) phenol-formaldehyde (PF) v\u00e0 urea- formaldehyde (UF)
Keo protein \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e1u kh\u00f4, b\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eadu, chanh, Na2SiO3 (sodium silicate), NaOH (caustic soda). Keo Urea-formaldehyde l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i keo nhi\u1ec7t r\u1eafn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed b\u1ecdt, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n (b\u1ed9t m\u00ec) v\u00e0 nh\u1ef1a urea- formaldehyde. Nh\u1ef1a Phenol-formaldehyde c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 keo nhi\u1ec7t r\u1eafn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 gia NaOH (caustic soda) v\u00e0 Na2Co3 (soda ash).
Keo protein v\u00e0 urea-formaldehyde chuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e0 (keo kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u01b0\u1edbc), trong khi keo phenol-formaldehyde \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi (keo ch\u1ecbu n\u01b0\u1edbc).
Ngo\u00e0i ra, keo Melamine Urea formaldehyde l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i keo bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi li\u00ean k\u1ebft keo ch\u1ecbu \u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ch lien k\u1ebft keo m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng.
3.2.2 Tr\u00e1ng keo
B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o keo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e1n d\u00ednh.
C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n keo c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t theo ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t
L\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n pha tr\u1ed9n keo th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho m\u1ed7i m\u1ebb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau khi \u00e9p v\u00e1n.
\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p keo c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o theo \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t keo.
L\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea3i keo tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e1n d\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e1n \u00e9p v\u00e1n, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c
B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u00e1ng keo c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ee5i, d\u1ea7u, m\u1ee1 hay m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i.
Do v\u00e1n \u00e9p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng keo d\u00e1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng qua t\u00e2m v\u00e1n \u00e9p.
M\u00e1y tr\u00e1ng keo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y bao g\u1ed3m 2 ru l\u00f4 d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi keo d\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng.
H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a keo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e1ng keo cho v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng
3.4 \u00c9p v\u00e1n d\u00e1n
Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i keo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u00e9p ngu\u1ed9i hay \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng
Khi \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e1n, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong keo d\u00e1n, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u00e1p xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u00e9p.
Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p v\u00e1n, c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u00e9p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea9m trong v\u00e1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 keo d\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u00e1n \u00e9p kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9p hay n\u1ed5. Khi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e1n \u00e9p c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00e9p v\u00e1n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1edfi t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi keo phenol formaldehyde, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e9p c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 120oC \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn keo.
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00e9p kh\u00e1c nhau
B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n \u00e9p v\u00e1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ebft b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i d\u00ednh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n sau khi \u00e9p
C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00e0n \u00e9p n\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng acid.
3.5 C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p khi bong t\u00e1ch v\u00e1n
R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bong t\u00e1ch v\u00e1n sau khi \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng keo, qui tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p v\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p:
\u2013 Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed9n keo c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t theo ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn
\u2013 D\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng keo tr\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e1n
\u2013 Tr\u00e1ng keo thi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean k\u1ebft keo \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i trong v\u00e1n d\u00e1n
\u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng qu\u00e1 cao t\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 cao trong khi \u00e9p v\u00e1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ph\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9p v\u00e1n
\u2013 Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u00e9p qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn keo tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00e9p v\u00e1n
\u2013 Sai s\u1ed1 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e1n l\u1edbn l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p v\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, n\u00ean t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 0,1mm
\u2013 Th\u1eddi gian \u00e9p qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn l\u00e0m cho keo ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.
3.6 C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e1n \u00e9p
Sau khi \u00e9p nhi\u1ec7t, v\u00e1n \u00e9p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn keo trong v\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.
V\u00e1n \u00e9p n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sao cho \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n (EMC) \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 10%. EMC c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi v\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.
3.7 \u0110\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n v\u00e0 c\u1eaft v\u00e1n \u00e9p
Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n v\u00e1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n qu\u00e1 c\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n \u00e9p. N\u1ebfu b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u g\u00e2y m\u1ecfng l\u1edbp v\u00e1n m\u1eb7t l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n.
C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n v\u00e1n \u00e9p, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n d\u1ea1ng b\u0103ng
Sua khi \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eb5n, v\u00e1n \u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft c\u1ea1nh theo \u0111\u00fang k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u trong kho v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng kh\u00ed
3.8 Ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e1n \u00e9p
\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t,<\/p>\n
C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e1n \u00e9p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng keo, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u00e9p, qui tr\u00ecnh \u00e9p v\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e1n d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e1n \u00e9p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
QUY TR\u00ccNH C\u00d4NG NGH\u1ec6 \u00c9P V\u00c1N D\u00c1N NHI\u1ec0U L\u1edaP 1.GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U CHUNG C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e1n d\u00e1n \u0111ang ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 r\u1eebng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e1n m\u1ecfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t […]\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1077"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1078,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions\/1078"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}