C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e2t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 40-60% chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng.
1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/p>\n
1.1. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
C\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u00ea t\u00f4ng khi \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e3i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xi m\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng.
\u0110\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ed1p pha n\u1eb1m d\u00f9ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ea7m, b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 cho d\u1ebdn khi th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1p pha.
Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 sau:
Theo v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n ra
C\u1ed1p pha tre
Tre \u0111\u1eadp gi\u00e2p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thanh lati b\u1eb1ng tre \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n cho c\u1ea7u thang xo\u00e1y, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n nh\u1ecf, c\u1ed9t tr\u00f2n, v\u00e1n s\u00e0n \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec3u tre. Tre r\u1ebb ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha tre t\u1ed1n c\u1ecfng, \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. V\u00e1n tre \u00e9p l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u00e1n l\u00e1t s\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u1ed1p pha.
C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7
C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i: c\u1ed1p pha b\u1eb1ng g\u00f5 x\u1ebb, c\u1ed1p pha b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n, g\u1ed7 v\u00e1n \u00e9p.
C\u1ed1p pha b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 x\u1ebb (g\u1ed7 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u)
Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 nh\u00f3m VII (xoan t\u00e2y, h\u1ed3ng s\u1eafc), nh\u00f3m VIII (mu\u1ed3ng, v\u00f4ng), c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng g\u1ed7 nh\u00f3m VI (xoan, s\u1ed3i, s\u1ea5u,…). Chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p c\u1ed1p pha kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 20cm, chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i 2cm,
C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 x\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf. !\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed7 th\u1ea5p, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea\u2019 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n l\u1edbn chu\u1ea9n; b\u00ea t\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb r\u1ed7 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00fat \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 cao, m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1eb3ng nh\u1eb5n; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 l\u1ea7n; sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb cong v\u00eanh, n\u1ee9t n\u1ebb.
b) C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n:
G\u1ed7 d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e2m c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 1.22×2.44cm. d\u00e0y t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 25mm. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cho t\u1ea5m g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c s\u01b0\u1eddn kim lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o l\u1eafp thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i.
G\u1ed4 d\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng cao, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb cong v\u00eanh, nh\u1eb9, d\u1ec5 l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 h\u01a1n c\u1ed1p pha kim lo\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1 h\u01a1n. \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 40 l\u1ea7n; n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u1ed1p pha di \u0111\u1ed9ng.
\u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m panel c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 phenolic ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y kraft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a phenolic t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c b\u00e3o h\u00f2a. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n. Panel c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o: ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0.
C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a panel c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ki\u1ec3u s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u trang tr\u00ed b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed1p pha c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 M\u0110\u1ed5 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, b\u00e1m s\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 d\u00ednh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t keo v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee7.
\u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd:
Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdai panel khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1ec7 t\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1ec7 t\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a ki\u1ec3m cao c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c panel ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ki\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.
Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.
Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9.
C\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y (hay vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c).
Chi ph\u00ed cho ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.
\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a panel khu\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7: Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u00ed ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n (chi ph\u00ed ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 25% \u0111\u1ebfn 55% t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng).
Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng cao.
C\u1ed1p pha kim lo\u1ea1i
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u1eaft, h\u1ee3p kim, c\u1ed1p pha s\u1eaft n\u1eb7ng n\u00ean v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; h\u1ee3p kim nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh cao h\u01a1n. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp d\u1ec5 v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng, b\u00ean l\u00e2u. cho b\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng nh\u1eb5n.
C\u1ed1p pha kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p d\u1eb9t, ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n 2.5mm li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00e0n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p \u0111en d\u00e0y 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2mm: k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i t\u1ea5m: 20x120cm, 30x150cm, 30xl80cm… D\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 to. nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m c\u1ed1p pha v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111inh. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed7i t\u1ea5m t\u1eeb 20 – 40kg.
C\u1ed1p pha kim lo\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u: m\u00f3ng, c\u1ed9r vu\u00f4ng, c\u1ed9t tr\u00f2n, s\u00e0n,… cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng nh\u1eb5n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u chu\u1ea9n.
C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7, th\u00e9p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p :
Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u1eddn b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p, t\u1ea5m m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n. \u01afu di\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea5m m\u1eb7t,, s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1.<\/p>\n
C\u1ed1p pha b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p
V\u1eeba l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i sinh trong thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e9n, u\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u. M\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, m\u1eb7t trong c\u00f3 r\u00e2u th\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.
C\u1ed1p pha nh\u1ef1a
S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed1p pha nh\u1ef1a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u1edd nh\u1ecf t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00e1m d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eefa tr\u00e1t, nh\u1eb9, g\u1ecdn v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng, th\u00e1o d\u1ee1, x\u1ebfp kho \u0111\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng; ch\u1ecbu m\u01b0a n\u1eafng v\u00e0 va d\u1eadp kh\u00e1 cao, k\u00edn kh\u00edt kh\u00f3 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xi m\u0103ng, s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean 50 l\u1ea7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed1p pha c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng k\u00e9m h\u01a1n n\u00ean t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ( 1,2 – 1,3 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi c\u1ed1p pha kim lo\u1ea1i).
Theo c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n ra
C\u1ed1p pha c\u00f4’\u0111\u1ecbnh
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ecfng tr\u00ecnh. Sau khi th\u00e1o ra, mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i gia c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed5 d\u00f3, lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1p pha c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7u thang xo\u00e1y, v\u00f2m cu\u1ed1n; \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00f4 ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng xu\u00fd\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i: s\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, t\u1ea5m th\u00e9p dan \u1ed1p m\u1eb7t. Nh\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.
C\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh (lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u)
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0\u1edfng gia c\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, khi dem ra c\u1ed5ng tr\u1eeb\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, l\u1eafp r\u00e1p v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thi c\u1ed1ng. Khi th\u00e1o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh.
C\u1ed1p pha lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, c\u1ed1p pha t\u1ea5m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ed1p pha t\u1ea5m l\u1edbn. C\u1ed1p pha t\u1ea5m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong m\u1ee5c 1.2. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha. C\u1ed1p pha bay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha t\u1ea5m l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao. C\u1ed1p pha b\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m s\u00e0n nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng.
C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ed1p pha bay g\u1ed3m: v\u00e1n s\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u00ea b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 x\u00e0 d\u1ee1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 d\u1ee1 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 khung kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh; h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ngang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e0n c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng. Sau khi b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p s\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1p pha s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e2ng h\u1ea1; h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c k\u00e9o c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1p pha ra ngo\u00e0i \u00f4, ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang l\u00ean t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n ngang c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha bay.
c)C\u1ed1p pha di \u0111\u1ed9ng
L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u1ed1p pha c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00edch (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u). Th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n ra; c\u1ed1p pha di \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ee9ng, c\u1ed1p pha di chuy\u1ec3n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang.
C\u1ed1p pha di \u0111\u00f4ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00fang:
Theo c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chia ra: C\u1ed1p pha tr\u01b0\u1ee3t: l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha di \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00ean cao trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 k\u00edch.
C\u1ed1p pha tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0: sil\u00f4, \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, th\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc,… Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng hi\u1ec7n nay-, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ngph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed1p pha tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 s\u00e0n d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng l\u1ef1c ti\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 thi c\u00f4ng, n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u00eam v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n.
Chi\u1ec1u cao cua b\u1ed9 c\u1ed1p pha tr\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn
5m, n\u00f3 bao quanh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng (nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng) ho\u1eb7c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u (\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i…). C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ed1p pha tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong h\u00ecnh II.6.
K\u00edch th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u1eafng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1p pha tr\u01b0\u1ee3t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00ean cao. S\u1ee9c n\u00e2ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 3-5 t\u1ea5n.
C\u1ed1p pha leo:
B\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 leo l\u00ean cao t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c.
C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3ng v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n leo r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 1 h\u00e0ng (H\u00ecnh II.7 a,
ho\u1eb7c 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 h\u00e0ng (H\u00ecnh II.7 c), chi\u1ec1u cao m\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 0,6 \u0111\u1ebfn l,2m, c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
C\u1ed1p pha leo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f9ng khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ee9c v\u00e1ch. Sau khi \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00e9 t\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00e1o c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111i chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea3ng c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean m\u1ed9i \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
C\u1ed1p pha leo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00ea \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n ngang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i. C\u1ed1p pha treo :
L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n khu\u1ecfn b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p b\u1ea3n, h\u00e0n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p g\u00f3c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e0n thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean (\u0111\u1ec3 di l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u), d\u01b0\u1edbi (\u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5 trung t\u00e2m (3) b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u0103ng d\u01a1 (4). H\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2y c\u00f3 trang b\u1ecb t\u0103ng \u0111\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n l\u00ean cao.
C\u1ed1p pha di chuy\u1ec3n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang:
To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ed9 c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray hay b\u00e1nh xe nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00edch ho\u1eb7c t\u1eddi.
lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed1p pha n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m xuy\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m \u1edf \u0110\u00e8o Ngang), hay c\u00e1c talu\u1ef5, cu\u1ed1n d\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n,… Thi c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng thi c\u00f4og d\u00e1y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng nhau b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed1p pha di chuy\u1ec3n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang.
C\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t
c\u1ed1p pha cao su. c\u1ed1p pha r\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u00ea t\u1ed3ng,…
Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 thi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
G\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c sau: Gia c\u00f4ng, l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o; ki\u1ec3m tra, nghi\u1ec7m thu c\u1ed5ng t\u00e1c c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p; theo \u0111\u00f5i ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh (n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n) c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f2ng; c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.
C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gia c\u00f4ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1eef\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng gia c\u00f4ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.
L\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n khi l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 khi th\u00e1o d\u1ee1.
Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7m thu c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o theo c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea9u cua TCVN 4453:1995.
C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c theo d\u00f5i, ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 x\u00e2y ra v\u1edbi c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng.
Th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o: th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e1o v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 TCVN 4453:1995.
2. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e1 gi\u00e1o (TCVN 4453:1995) 2.1. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chung
C\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u1ec5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp, kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng.
C\u1ed1p pha ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p k\u00edn, kh\u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u00f3c xi m\u0103ng khi \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ea t\u1ed5ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng cua th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft.
C\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u1ea5o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng, l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng sao cho \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00fang h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.
V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
C\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, ho\u00e0nh b\u00e8, th\u00e9p, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac s\u1eb5n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo. \u0110\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tre, lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u01a1ng.
Ch\u1ecdn v\u00e2t li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o l\u00e0m c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf.
G\u1ed7 l\u00e0m c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n g\u1ed7 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng TCVN l075:1971 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp ph\u00e2n.
C\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00ean s\u1eed’d\u1ee5ng sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u kh\u00e1c nhau.
L\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
L\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau:
B\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ed1p pha ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng d\u00ednh; c\u1ed1p pha th\u00e0nh b\u00ean c\u1eeda c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u00e0n, d\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t n\u00ean l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u00eac th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 s\u1edbm m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 (nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u00e1y d\u1ea7m, s\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng); l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m s\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n theo qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u00f3ng r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u1ed3ng; tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng khi ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi c\u00f4ng.
Khi l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c tr\u1eafc d\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra tim tr\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u.
Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 khi c\u1ecd r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 r\u00e1c b\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i. Tr\u01b0\u00f3c khi \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn l\u1ea1i.
3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u00f9y t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ecfng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.
3.l. Gi\u00e1o ch\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n
Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng tre, g\u1ed7 hay kim lo\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng d\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng cho thi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea5p t\u1ea7ng. V\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n kim lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n.
C\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ed3:
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n hay g\u1ed7 x\u1ebb.
C\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng g\u1ed7 t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m VI tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng cong, nh\u0169ng c\u1ea3y g\u1ed7 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb u\u1ed1n cong nhi\u1ec3u (c\u00f3 u s\u1eb9o, m\u1eaft b\u01b0\u1edbu, m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t) c\u00f3 th\u00e9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n thi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. Ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 x\u1ebb c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 8.locm, g\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 80 – 120, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 4m. C\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha d\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef T.
Ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn tr\u00ean n\u00eam. N\u00eam c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ed7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9p c\u00e1t.
N\u00eam c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch nhau 700 – 800mm v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o theo c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngang. Gi\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed theo chu vi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, b\u00ean trong b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u1ee9 hai h\u00e0ng c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 gi\u1eb1ng. Thanh gi\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 v\u00e1n ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n 25.lo0mm.
C\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u cao:
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p \u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng sau:
C\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u cao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed1i ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n. lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y theo chi\u1ec1u cao c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00fang cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng bul\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t b\u00edch v\u1edbi nhau
C\u1ed9t n\u1ed1i ch\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ec1u cao b\u1eb1ng ren \u1ed1c:
G\u1ed3m 2 \u1ed1ng l\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o nhau, li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ed1t ngang v\u00e0 dai; d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1edd c\u1ed1p pha d\u1ea7m, s\u00e0n c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi 5m; c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u1eb9 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e0ng. Th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ec1u cao (v\u00f2ng quay \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh), lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. C\u1ed9Pch\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ec1u cao b\u1eb1ng ren \u1ed1c khi s\u1eed \u0111\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi c\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p, ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp th\u00eam c\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u1ed9t- ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c gi\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o. Gi\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p (\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o) khi n\u00f3 du\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3a gi\u00e1o; khi gi\u1eb1ng \u0111u\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u00e1n g\u1ed3 n\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u1ed9t
ch\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3a v\u00f2ng cung .
\u0110\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ren \u1ed1c, v\u00e0 ren \u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ebd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng va ch\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 thu\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111u\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i m\u1ee1 ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9.
Ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean:
C\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u1eef cho th\u00e0nh v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng hay xi\u00ean m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u00ea t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c s\u00e0n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea7u kia li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi su\u1eddn c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh.
\u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thanh ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i v\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean g\u1ed7.
Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p
Gi\u00e1o Pa1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ea1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3i \u00f2 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1edbi \u01b0u th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng v\u1ea1n n\u0103ng, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u l\u1edbn, chi\u1ec1u cao t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbn. L\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p nh\u1eb9, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n, l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n.
Gi\u00e1o Pal \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ec7 khung d\u00e0n tam gi\u00e1c, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng c\u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ngang, d\u1ecdc, cao r\u1ea5t linh ho\u1ea1t, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh 120.120cm, ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh 120cm.
Gi\u00e1o Pal g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn:
K\u00edch \u1edf ch\u0103n c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng.C\u00e1c thanh gi\u1eb1ng ngang v\u00e0 gi\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o (SN-12 v\u00e0 SD-12).
Khung tam gi\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (S-1215).
Kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i (SA-01).
Ch\u1ed1t gi\u1eef kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i (SA-02).
Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa \u00fd khi d\u1ef1ng l\u1eafp:
ngang theo 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng
vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o ch\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb ngang. Khi d\u1ef1ng l\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c.
To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh cao th\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111ai \u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ec7 k\u00edch.
Ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1t gi\u1eef kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khung tam gi\u00e1c ch\u00ed ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng n\u00e9n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eafp ch\u1ed1t gi\u1eef kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i.
3.3. Gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng-x\u00f4n
D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n \u1edf nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u b\u00ea t\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0: m\u00e1i h\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c (H\u00ecnh II.17)\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng-x\u00f4n li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch, t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ea t\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c neo. V\u1edbi t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch d\u00f9ng neo th\u00e9p d\u1eb9t, xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ea1ch v\u1eefa thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n d\u00f9ng neo th\u00e9p tr\u00f2n.
C\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd: Tim c\u1ed9t theo hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eb3ng g\u00f3c nhau, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t th\u1eadt ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong khung \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb (c\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t) r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00f4ng xi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ed9t.
Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 sau:
Ki\u1ec3m tra tim t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e0, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1ea1ch tim c\u1ed9t (theo hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng) b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecf l\u00ean c\u1edf m\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c s\u00e0n.
C\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh khung d\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tim hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (H\u00ecnh 11.23).
L\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n c\u1ed9t. C\u1ed1t th\u00e9p c\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n c\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u00ean gh\u00e9p tr\u01b0\u1edbc 3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e1n \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, sau d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, d\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e1 t\u1ea5in v\u00e1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i l\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng n\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh; ch\u00fa \u00fd ti\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3i vu\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ebf t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9p khu\u00f4n r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5c l\u1eafp.
\u0110\u1eb7t ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean, th\u1ea3 d\u1ecdi theo hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y th\u1ee7y b\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.
C\u1ed1p pha c\u1ed9t tr\u00f2n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c th\u00e9p. C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thahh lati v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh tr\u00f2n, li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng dinh. T\u00f9y theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh 2 t\u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c 4 t\u1ea5m r\u1eddi. r\u1ed3i gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh khu\u00f4n tr\u00f2n. Li\u00ean k\u1ebfi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea5m v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n r\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng t\u00e1p g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bul\u00f4ng . C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fac \u00edt ho\u1eb7c khi c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.
C\u1ed1p pha th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn th\u00e9p, li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00e0n v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh (H\u00ecnh 11.25). C\u1ed1p pha th\u00e9p cho c\u1ed9t tr\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh 2 t\u1ea5m r\u1eddi, c\u00f4’ \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ed1t.
C\u1ed1p pha th\u00e9p cho b\u1ec3 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng nh\u1eb5n, tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u. C\u1ed1p pha th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng.
Ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1edd c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ed9t tr\u00f2n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9t vu\u00f4ng hay c\u1ed9t ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.
Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t’tr\u00f2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng 3 d\u00e2y d\u1ecdi.
C\u1ed1p pha c\u1ed9t \u0111a gi\u00e1c
C\u1ed9t \u0111a gi\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n l\u1ee5c l\u0103ng hay b\u1eaft gi\u00e1c.
C\u1ed1p pha c\u1ed9t \u0111a gi\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed5. N\u00ean gia c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n theo ki\u1ec3u nh\u1ecdn c\u1ea1nh sao cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng
b\u00e1n k\u00ednh qua t\u00e2m \u0111a gi\u00e1c, c\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u1ed9t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb9p.
C\u00f4p pha d\u1ea7m (H\u00ecnh 11.27)
D\u1ea7m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c di\u1ec3m ti\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0i l\u1edbn, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf tr\u00ean cao n\u00ean c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ed1p pha t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i pb\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha d\u1ea9m ngo\u00e0i
v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u00e1n d\u00e1y, n\u1eb9p gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef T.
V\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, c\u1ed1t th\u00e9p, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u00e1n d\u00e1y v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f5ng cho ph\u00e9p cua v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1v \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea3nh cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng. V\u1edbi d\u1ea7m c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 60cm ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bul\u00f4ng gi\u1eb1ng trong ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00ecnh cho v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh.
V\u00e1n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7m \u1ed1p ngo\u00e0i v\u00e1n d\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e1y h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edn, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ch\u00e2n v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e0ng. V\u00e1n d\u00e1y v\u00e0 v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 x\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh 25-30mm.
Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 sau:
Ki\u1ec3m tra, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea1ch tim c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7m l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea7m trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e0.
D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean v\u00e1n l\u00f3t, d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1eefT, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng r\u1ed3i gi\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, ch\u00e8n n\u00eam ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t.
\u0110\u1eb7l v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1y d\u1ea7m, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00e1 v\u00e1n d\u00e1y d\u1ea7m v\u00e0o thanh \u0111\u1ee1 3 c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u, cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9nh n\u00eam d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng cho 2 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e1n d\u00e1y \u0103n d\u00f9ng c\u1ed9t, c\u0103ng d\u00e2y qua 2 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e1n, theo d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh n\u00eam d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng cho v\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1 y ngang b\u1eb1ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u1ecbp d\u1ea7m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 4m ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ed3ng thi c\u00f4ng.
\u0110\u1eb7t 2 t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea7m, d\u00f3ng 2 thanh n\u1eb9p gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb.
\u0110\u1eb7t thanh v\u00e3ng t\u1ea1m, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ed1ng xi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ebfu chinh cho v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng.
C\u1ed1p pha d\u1ea7m li\u1ec1n s\u00e0n
V\u00e1n khu\u00f4n s\u00e0n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1m v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1ng g\u1ed7 x\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed7i m\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean n\u1eb7ng qu\u00e1 50kg \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5. C\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng v\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 x\u00e0 g\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7. D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e0 g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c kim lo\u1ea1i.
Sau khi l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha d\u1ea7m th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng v\u00e1n d\u00e1y s\u00e0n theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 sau:<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1eb7t n\u1eb9p d\u01a1 x\u00e0 g\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thanh \u0111\u1ed9n.
\u0110\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e0 g\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t ch\u00f2ng \u0111\u1edd s\u00e0n sau \u0111\u1ed5 d\u00f9ng n\u00eam \u0111i\u1ec1u chinh cho v\u00e1n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea9m th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng.
\u0110\u1eb7t v\u00e1n di\u1ec1m, \u0111\u00f9ng \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y b\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00e1n di\u1ec1m.
\u0110\u1eb7t t\u1eebng m\u1ea3ng v\u00e1n s\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00e1 v\u00e1n s\u00e0n v\u1edbi x\u00e0 g\u1ed3.
C\u0103ng d\u00e3y qua c\u00e1c v\u00e1n di\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh cho v\u00e1n s\u00e0n ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1eb3ng.
H\u00ecnh 11.29 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u1ea7m h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef L.
C\u1ed1p pha c\u1ea7u thang hai \u0111\u1ee3t c\u00f3 c\u00f4n
L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha d\u1ea7m li\u1ec1n s\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng pb\u1ee9c r\u1ea1p h(?n \u0111\u1ed5 s\u00e0n thang \u0111\u1ee3t 1 v\u00e0 s\u00e0n thang \u0111\u1ee3t 2 nghi\u00eang so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c a n\u00e0o d\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea7m ch\u00e2n thang, d\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfu nghi, d\u1ea7m chi\u1ebf\u01b0 t\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd k\u1ef9 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y b\u1eadc c\u1ea7u thang s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n
C\u1ed1p pha c\u1ea7u thang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 v\u00e1n, g\u1ed7 d\u00e1n; c\u00e1y ch\u1ed1ng d\u1ee9ng d\u00f9ng g\u1ed7 c\u00e2y, g\u1ed3 x\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n kim lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u cao.
L\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ea7u thang c\u0169ng gi\u00f4ng v\u00f3i l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha d\u1ea7m li\u1ed5n s\u00e0n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o cho d\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi, d\u1ea9m chi\u1ebfu ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7m ch\u00e0n thang; \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u00fang tim, c\u1ed1t, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00f4n thang \u0111\u1ee3t 2 s\u00e0n chi\u1ebfu ngh\u1ec9, s\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u1ed1n thang \u0111\u1ee3t 1. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ed1p pha c\u1ea7u thang nh\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng tham kh\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh 11.30.
Ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7m thu c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e1 gi\u00e1o (TCVN 4453:1995-3.5)
C\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o khi l\u00e3p d\u1ee5ng xong \u0111\u01b0\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfm tra theo c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1edf b\u1ea3ng II. 1, c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ghi trong b\u1ea3ng II.2.
B\u1ea3ng i\u1ec9.\u1ec9: C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m tra
K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfm tra
(\u1ec9)
(2)
(3)
C\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng
H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, \u0111o b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p
Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf
K\u00ea\u00ec c\u1ea5u c\u1ed1p pha
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft
\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a TCVN4453:1995-3.3.3
\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft
M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ed7 gh\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m 3mm
\u0110\u1ed9 k\u00edn, kh\u00edt gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m c\u1ed1p pha, gi\u1eefa c\u00f4’p pha v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft
C\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p k\u00edn, kh\u00edt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xi m\u0103ng khi \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m b\u00ea t\u00f4ng
Chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00f4n ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ea9n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p
\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh
Ch\u1ed1ng d\u00ednh c\u1ed1p pha
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft
L\u1edbp ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t c\u00f4’p pha ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u00ea t\u00f4ng
V\u1ec7 sinh b\u00ean trong c\u1ed1p pha
B\u1eb1ng m\u00e1t
Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n r\u00e1c, b\u00f9n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c b\u00ean trong c\u1ed1p pha<\/p>\n
(\u1ec9)
(2)
(3)
\u0110\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang, cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1p pha
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, m\u00e1y tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p
Kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ghi trong b\u1ea3ng 2
\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft
C\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ki\u1ebfm tra
\u0110\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng
K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
\u0110\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1ee9c, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed theo thi\u1ebf\u1ec9 k\u1ebf
C\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
B\u1eb1ng m\u1ea5t, d\u00f9ng tay l\u1eafc m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c n\u00eam \u1edf t\u1eebng c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng
C\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea, d\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh
\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh
B\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o
C\u1ed9t ch\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eb1ng ch\u00e9o v\u00e0 gi\u1eb1ng ngang \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u1ec7m thu c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u1eafp d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem x\u00e9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m tra theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf b\u1ea3ng II. 1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ghi trong b\u1ea3ng<\/p>\n
T\u00ean sai l\u1ec7ch
M\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p (mm)
1. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1p pha, c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ecbu<\/p>\n
u\u1ed1n v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5 d\u1ee1 gi\u1eb1ng \u1ed5n d\u1ecbnh. nco v\u00e0<\/p>\n
c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng so v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n
a) Tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t d\u00e0i
10
\u00b125
b) Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed9
\u00b1 75
2. Sai l\u1ec7ch m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ed1p pha v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao nhau c\u1ee7a<\/p>\n
ch\u00fang so v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n
a) Tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t d\u00e0i
5
b) Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u:<\/p>\n
– M\u00f3ng
20
– T\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t d\u1ee1 t\u1ea5m s\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao d\u01b0\u00f3i 5m
10
– T\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t d\u1ee1 t\u1ea5m s\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao tr\u00ean 5m
15
– C\u1ed9t khung c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7m
lo
– D\u1ea7m v\u00e0 v\u00f2m
5
3. Sai l\u1ec7ch tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed1p pha so v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n
a) M\u00f3ng
15
b) T\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t
8
c) D\u1ea7m x\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u00f2m
10
d) M\u00f3ng d\u01b0\u00f3i c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00e9p
Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n
c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf
4. Sai l\u1ec7ch tr\u1ee5c c\u1ed1p pha tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, c\u1ed1p pha leo v\u00e0 c\u1ed1p pha di
lo
\u0111\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh
1 w<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha
Ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh ch\u00f3ng, gi\u1eef cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1p pha kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u m\u00e1y th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong c\u1ed1p pha, sau khi th\u00e1o m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u x\u00e1m. b\u1ea9n. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ed9 thi\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u, sil\u00f4, th\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cao v\u1ec1 m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 t\u00f4 tr\u00e1t trang tr\u00ed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (nh\u01b0 separol) cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ea t\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch. \u0111\u1eb9p.
L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t separol l\u00e0 0,83kg\/l\u00edt. M\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 tr\u00ean c\u1ed1p pha g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 1 l\u00edt cho 2lm2. tr\u00ean c\u1ed1p pha nh\u1ef1a, th\u00e9p l\u00e0 42m:. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4p pha tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi phun, l\u0103n, qu\u00e9t ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1o dd ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5t th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 kh\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i che \u0111\u1eady b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
C\u00d4NG T\u00c1C C\u1ed0P PHA, \u0110\u00c0 GI\u00c1O C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e2t li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 40-60% chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u00ea t\u00f4ng.1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m 1.1. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1p pha, \u0111\u00e0 gi\u00e1oC\u1ed1p pha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u00ea […]\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/870"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=870"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/870\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":871,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/870\/revisions\/871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vxd.com.vn\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}